domingo, 30 de novembro de 2014

Autobiography - How I decided to learn English

English entered in my life when I was 12 years old; I’ve always been a huge fan of
international music and it was allied with music that passion began. I still remember this day because it was a mark in my life: it was Sunday and my uncle brought me a Roxette cd “Roxette’s Greatest Hits: Don’t Bore Us – Get To The Chorus!” and I completely fell in love with the language. I was fascinated by the sonority of English and I kept myself wondering how wonderful would be to speak that language and to be understood.


            After listening to the entire CD, I recorded it on an audio cassette and wrote down all the lyrics on my notebook. From that day on, I swore to myself that one day I would be able to comprehend and communicate through English.
           
Of course I had studied English at school but it was just a matter of grammar. That wasn’t sufficient to me: I wanted to speak, to talk to people in a different language. I missed in my English classes at school the opportunities to speak and these moments never happened. I’d imagine how classes would be more effective if the teacher did this and that (now I realize that this was a sign that I’d be a teacher).
            Thus, I remember how hard it was to comprehend certain words in English; at certain points I felt the need of a good teacher to guide me throughout pronunciation and oral skills. However, as a self-taught, I created some strategies to make the process of learning easier: I’d listen to the song and, if there were any words I didn’t know whether pronunciation and meaning, I’d look it up in an English dictionary for meaning; and, for pronunciation, I’d repeat that specific word the tape, pressing REWIND as many times as I judged necessary and I’d try to pronounce the word the way I was listening to. This was based on Brown’s principle of strategic investment: successful learning of the second language will be, to a large extent, the result of the learner’s investment of time, effort, and attention to the second language learning process. Nowadays I see how tedious this process was, but once I loved music, it was nice back then.
            I expanded my knowledge by studying grammar topics in English at school – I see now how I disturbed my English teachers asking to translate words/expressions I saw in some place.
            Back then, it was the boom of internet and through it, I guess, I’d search for lyrics translation on the web; I’d listen to new songs, kept myself trying hysterically – for instance –, for one entire afternoon, to pronounce “correctly” the lyrics for the song “How do you do!” by Roxette.
            In these five initial years of English – which I call honeymoon-, MUSIC influenced me a lot. Obviously, I didn’t know the enormous complexity of learning a second language; for me, nothing was so different from Portuguese. I had already finished high school and I wanted to work with something related to English. Music had helped so much and I guessed I had something good with me. My friends would ask me to translate words in small English texts and this contributed enormously.
           
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In 2007, when I entered college, everything was so new and refreshing and it was like being brought again to the day my uncle brought me that Roxette cd: a world of English within another world in English.
            My first semester professor made me fell in love again and deeper with the language. In the classes, when the professor introduced the conception of phonetic symbols, the definition of voiced/voiceless sounds, I thought to myself how much I already knew and how that new knowledge would contribute to make me go the extra mile and, as time went by, I realized that my English was actually good. This feature is based on Merril Swain’s comprehensible output (CO) hypothesis which states that learning takes place when a learner encounters a gap in his or her linguistic knowledge of the second language (L2). By noticing this gap, the learner becomes aware of it and may be able to modify his output so that he learns something new about the language
            This same professor taught me for two years. I remember the teacher being very demanding, especially regarding pronunciation and grammar. It seemed tedious at first, however, the teacher focused on USE and MEANING in grammar aspects and how this would influence our oral skills in order to communicate better. This aspect is based on meaningful learning concept:  one of Brown’s guidelines for teaching second language:
a) Meaningful learning: meaningful learning will lead to better long term retention that rote learning. A good example can be found in several content-centered approaches to language teaching.


For pronunciation, I recall that the teacher would give us some texts (In semester ONE, it was about the city of London/ in semester TWO, it was about Aesop’s fables) and we would retell the plot to the teacher. In my opinion, the teacher was very structuralistic, but I loved that because the teacher was very intelligent and prepared: throughout charts/cards/ exhibition (using visual techniques), the teacher would explain about technic expressions (as in found in Phonology). The greatest thing about the teacher was the constant feedback the teacher would give us; thus, eventually mispronunciations were corrected in a subtle way and student would feel very comfortable about the learning process. I remember that, individually, the teacher would comment about our progress throughout the semester, the things we needed to improve and how to achieve this improvement.
            The way this specific teacher acted and behaved influenced me so much because, of all teachers I had, that one was doing exactly what I expected from a teacher. I saw in the teacher a role model and my beliefs started to be molded back then. I thought to myself about what I could do in class to motivate my students, how to pass the knowledge to my pupils. For me, the process of learning/teaching is an exchange and much of that I had from this teacher.


            On the other hand, in college, I had another teacher who was very smart and intelligent, nevertheless, in my opinion, way too rude. I mean, the teacher was an expert with a vast teaching repertoire and plenty of knowledge but, at the end, students would present the seminars the teacher was supposed to present. The way this teacher would provide feedback after each seminar – in front of all students – was terrible for me. The worst part was that, in my seminar, the teacher said that I’d never become a teacher because my pronunciation was terrible. I was being challenged and I accepted it: I proved to the teacher – and to me, as well – that I was capable of being a good professional without being rude or unkind to my students.

            

The Chronological Development of Language Teaching

THE CHRONOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE TEACHING
Time
ERA
Approach
Method
Techniques
Proponents
Until late 19th century
Influence of Teaching Latin and Greek
Mind needs to be trained by analyzing the language
Grammar-translation


Translation, learning of grammar rules, memorization
German scholar Karl Ploz
Late 19th – early 20th century
Reaction to Grammar Translation Method
Rules of grammar should be aquired inductively
Direct


Exclusive use of L2,visuals, emphasis on correct pronunciation
Gouin, Jespersen, de Sauzé
1940-1950
Result of Structural Linguistics and Behavioral Psychology/ National Emphsis on Oral Skills
L2 should be taught without references of L1, pattern drills, stimulus-response tecniques
ALM
Stimulus-response pattern drills, memorization of dialogues, comparison of L1 and L2
Fries, Skinner
1960’s
Reaction to ALM



Teacher should move from known to new information, creative use of the language, language practice should always be meaningful
Cognitive Code
Meaningful language use, deductive teaching of grammar
Chomsky
1974
Result of  studies in L1 aquistion



Comprehension must be developed before speaking, speech will emerge naturally
TPR
Listening and responding physically to oral commands, use of target language
Asher
1972-1973
Focus on effective development of Individual:Humanistic Methods
Learning is not a matter of imitation and drill, learners learn from trial and error
Silent Way









Use of Cuisenaire rods, students more responsible for learning, self and peer correction
Gattegno
1976

The teacher in the role as “knower” or “counselor”, learners learn when working in community with others
Communicative Language Teaching





Translation by teacher from native language to target language in early lessons.
Curran
1980s-1990s
Proficiency
Knowing a language means being able to use it in communication. Learners use the language to perform functions in a range of contexts and with a level of accuracy in grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, fluency and pragmatic competence.
No particular Method







Opportunities for self-expression and creativity; use of language in a variety of contexts; exposure to authentic texts; interaction with others; integration of culture and language.
ACTFL
1996 - present
Standards
Foreign language has a central role in the learning experience of every learner. Competence in a language and culture enables the learner to communicate with others, gain and understanding of self and other cultures
No particular Method




Opportunities to use the language as a vehicle for learning content; integration of skills and culture; interaction with others by means of technology
ACTFL



Principles which help teachers to become effective in the Second Language Teaching

According to Douglas Brown there are 12 principles to be followed by teaching second language:


1) Automaticity: efficient second language involves a timely movement of the control of a few language forms into the automatic processing of a relatively unlimited number of language forms. Overgeneralizing, thinking too much about its forms, and consciously lingering on rules of language all tend to impede this graduation of automaticity.

2) Meaningful learning: meaningful learning will lead to better long term retention than rote learning. A good example can be found in several content-centered approaches to language teaching.

3) The anticipation of reward: although long-term success in language learning requires a more intrinsic motive than extrinsic, the power of immediate rewards in a language class is undeniable. One of the tasks of the teacher is to create opportunities for these moment by moment rewards that can keep classrooms interesting.

4) Intrinsic motivation: when behavior stems from needs, wants, or desires within oneself, the behavior itself has the potential to be rewarding.

5) Strategic investment: successful learning of the second language will be, to a large extent, the result of the learner’s investment of time, effort, and attention to the second language learning process.

6) Language ego: a second identity is developed by the new modes of thinking, feeling and acting when human beings learn to use a second language.

7) Self-confidence: the eventual success that learners attain in a task is partially a factor of their self-belief that they indeed are fully capable of accomplishing the task.

8) Risk-taking: successful language learners must be willing to play the game of language learning (produce, engage, and interpret) that is beyond their absolute certainty.

9) The language-culture connection: teaching a second language implies teaching a complex system of cultural customs, values, and ways of thinking, feeling and acting.

10) The Native Language Effect: The learner’s L1(native language) is a very significant system on which they will rely to make predictions in the process of learning the TL (target language).

11) Interlanguage: the systematic or quasi-systematic developmental process that learners go through as they advance to attain full competence in the TL is partially driven or fed by the feedback received from others and utilized by the learners.



12) Communicative competence: the ultimate goal of language classroom. It is best achieved by the combination of use and usage of language, fluency and accuracy, authentic language and context, followed by the application of classroom learning in real-life situations.

Comprehensive output and input






Source: http://www.everythingesl.net/inservices/comprehensible_input_output_70140.php


The Learning Pyramid



Source: http://thepeakperformancecenter.com/educational-learning/learning/principles-of-learning/learning-pyramid/



Nerves: about my microteaching

As one of the methods of evaluation, professor Lídia Cardoso demanded us to present a 20 minute microteaching using elements, techniques and schemes that enable students to identify which approach was being used.



Physical surroundings and atmosphere in classroom are the vital factors to make sure that "the students feel comfortable and confident", and various techniques, including art and music, are used by the trained teachers. The lesson of Suggestopedia consisted of three phases at first: deciphering, concert session (memorization séance), and elaboration.
Deciphering: The teacher introduces the grammar and lexis of the content. In most materials the foreign language text is on the left half of the page with a translation on the right half, i.e. meanings are conveyed via the mother tongue not unlike the bilingual method.
Concert session (active and passive): In the active session, the teacher reads the text at a normal speed, sometimes intoning some words, and the students follow. In the passive session, the students relax and listen to the teacher reading the text calmly. Music (" baroque”) is played in the background.
Elaboration: The students finish off what they have learned with dramas, songs, and games.
Then it has developed into four phases as lots of experiments were done: introduction, concert session, elaboration, and production.
Introduction: The teacher teaches the material in “a playful manner” instead of analyzing lexis and grammar of the text in a directive manner.
Concert session (active and passive): In the active session, the teacher reads with intoning as selected music is played. Occasionally, the students read the text together with the teacher, and listen only to the music as the teacher pauses in particular moments. The passive session is done more calmly.
Elaboration: The students sing classical songs and play games while “the teacher acts more like a consultant”.
Production: The students spontaneously speak and interact in the target language without interruption or correction.


Could you recognize it? Yeah! It was suggestopedia!







I decided to show the difference of this specific method – suggestopedia – with another one presented by another student – TPR.



And here is the lesson plan for the microteaching:

Lesson time
Teacher task
Student task
Rationale
Mode of communication

Setting the stage
(0-4 minutes)

Teacher asks students about their previous day and what they did, teacher puts on a background song and role a certain scene/Dialogues accompanied by music in background; role-play using objects that represent the scene
Students will pay attention to the teacher’s act out, relax and concentrate which will allowed them to internalize the language
By doing the act, students are introduced to the Simple Past Tense and REGULAR ED verbs pronunciation







Interpretive
4-8 minutes
Teacher repeats the act
Students will concentrate on the story, paying attention to the verb forms in Simple Past Tense 
Teacher uses the target language to expose students to the two aimed ED pronunciations:
/t/ and /d/




Interpretive



PROVIDING INPUT (8 – 13 minutes)
Teacher introduces REGULAR verbs, models and ask students to notice the similarities and differences among the verbs
Students listen,   speak and point out the differences and similarities among the verbs
Get students to notice the difference between final /t/ and /d/ ED endings




Interpersonal


GUIDED PRACTICE (13 – 18 minutes)

Teacher gives each student 2 cards with /t/ and /d/ pronunciation
Teacher pronounces different REGULAR  verbs and students should raise the card containing the correct pronunciation of the final ED

Students should apply the new knowledge to identify the distinct pronunciations of final ED




Presentational
EXTENSION
Teacher give students a handout with a lyrics of Christina Aguilera’s song “You lost me”

Student should put the verbs given into the correct Simple Past form

Practice REGULAR verbs



Presentational